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1931 mit text surveying methods instruments transit +
1931 MIT TEXT SURVEYING METHODS INSTRUMENTS TRANSIT +
This is a 716 page, 5" x 7 3/8", semi-pliable hardcover book titled and subtitled The Principles and Practice of Elementary Surveying / Volume I Elementary Surveying. The book was written by Charles R. Breed Professor of Railway and Highway Transportation Massachusetts Institute of Technology and by George L. Hosmer Professor of Geodesy Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The book was originally copyrighted by the authors in 1906. This is one of the sixth editions copyrighted by the authors in 1931 and published in 1931 by John Wiley & Sons.
The preface to this sixth edition begins by detailing the changes to the book and additional information that was added with each successive edition, mainly additional subject matter. This sixth addition, published 25 years after the first edition incorporates many changes in surveying practice that took place during those years, much of which had not been updated in previous editions. Chapters I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, and X were almost entirely rewritten and the remaining chapters were extensively revised. A brief treatment of the Plane-Table Method was added to Chapter VII. Descriptions of several instruments of European make, and also then recent changes in American instruments, were included in this edition. Chapter X includes a detailed description of a method of surveying valuable city lots that were completely occupied by buildings.
Chapter titles and subtitles are:
Part I - Use, Adjustment, and Care of Instruments
General Definitions Measurement of Lines - Definition ; Purposes of Surveys ; Horizontal Lines / Instruments for Measuring Lines The Chain ; Metric Chain ; Tapes - Cloth- Metallic ; Steel Tapes ; Invar Tapes ; The Stadia ; Other Instruments / Measurement of Distance Measurement of Level Ground with a Tape ; Horizontal Measurement on Sloping Ground with a Tape ; Slope Measurements with the Tape ; Common Sources of Error in Measurement of Lines ; Common Mistakes in Reading and Recording Measurements of Distances ; Avoiding Mistakes ; Accuracy Required ; Amount of Different Errors ; Pull ; Temperature ; Alignment ; Sag ; Accuracy of Measurements.
Measurements of Direction - The Surveyor s Compass ; Method of Taking a Magnetic Bearing ; The Earth s Magnetism - Dip of the Needle ; Declination of the Needle ; Variations in Declination - The Secular Variation - The Daily Variation - The Annual Variation - Irregular Variations ; Isogonic Chart ; Observations for Declination / Adjustments of the Compass Adjustment of the Bubbles - To Make the Plane of the Bubbles Perpendicular to the Vertical Axis ; Detecting Errors in Adjustment of the Needle ; To Straighten the Compass-Needle ; To Center the Pivot-Point ; To Remagnetize the Needle ; Common Sources of Error in Compass Work ; Common Mistakes ; Detecting Local Attraction of the Needle ; Calculating Angles from Bearings ; Remarks on the Use of the Compass.
Measurement of Angles - The Transit - General Description of the Transit ; The Telescope ; The Objective ; Cross-Hairs ; Eyepiece ; Magnifying Power ; Field of View ; The Vernier ; Verniers Used on Transits ; Eccentricity / Use of the Transit Setting Up the Transit ; To Measure a Horizontal Angle ; To Measure an Angle by Repetition ; To Lay Off an Angle by Repetition ; Running a Straight Line - One Point Visible from the Other ; Running a Straight Line - Neither Point Visible from the Other ; Prolonging a Straight Line ; Methods of Showing Sights ; Signals ; To Measure a Vertical Angle ; Precautions in the Use of the Transit / Adjustments of the Transit Adjustment of the Plate Bubbles - To Adjust the Plate Bubbles so that Each Lies in a Plane Perpendicular to the Vertical Axis of the Instrument ; Adjustment of the Cross-Hairs - 1st To put the Vertical Cross-Hair in a Plane Perpendicular to the Horizontal Axis - 2nd To Make the Line of Sight Perpendicular to the Horizontal Axis ; Adjustment of the Standards - To make the Horizontal Axis of the Telescope Perpendicular to the Vertical Axis of the Instrument ; Adjustment of the Telescope Bubbles ; Adjustment of the Auxiliary Level on the Vernier of the Vertical Arc - To Adjust the Level so that it is the Center of the Tube when the Line of Sight is Level and the Vernier Reads 0 degrees ; Adjustment of the Vernier of the Vertical Arc or Circle - To make the Vernier Read 0 degrees when the Telescope Bubble is in the Center of its Tube ; Adjustment of the Objective Slide - To make the Objective Slide Move Parallel to the Line of Sight ; How to Eliminate the Effect of Errors of Adjustment in the Transit ; Care of Instruments ; Common Sources of Error in Transit Work ; Common Mistakes in Transit Work.
Measurement of Difference of Elevation - Level Surface ; The Spirit Level ; Angular Value of One Division of the Level Tube / The Level The Wye Level ; The Dumpy Level ; Comparison of Wye and Dumpy Levels ; Micrometer Adjustment ; The Locke Hand Level / Leveling Rods Boston Rod ; New York Rod ; Philadelphia Rod ; Special Self-Reading Rods ; Tape Rod ; Flexible or Pocket Reading Rod ; Geodetic Level Rod ; Advantages of the Self-Reading Rod ; Attachments to the Rod for Plumbing ; Errors in Length of Rod / Use of the Level and Rod - To Level the Instrument ; To Take a Rod Reading ; Waving the Rod ; Signals ; Differential Leveling ; The Proper Length of Sight ; Effect of the Earth s Curvature and of Refraction on Leveling ; Precautions in Level Work / Adjustments of the Level Adjustments of the Wye Level - Adjustments of the Cross-Hairs - (a) To make the Horizontal Cross-Hair Truly Horizontal when the Instrument is Leveled ; (b) When the Preceding Adjustment is Completed the Line of Sight should be Made to Coincide with the Axis of Collars, or Parallel to it ; Adjustment of the Level Tube - To make the Line of Sight and the Level parallel to Each Other ; Adjustment of the Level Tube by Indirect Method - (a) To put the Axis of the bubble Tube in the Same Plane with the Line of Sight ; (b) To make the Axis of the Bubble Tube and the Line of Sight Parallel to Each Other ; Adjustment of the Wyes - To make the Axis of the Level Tube Perpendicular to the Vertical Axis of the Instrument / Adjustments of the Dumpy Level Adjustment of the Cross-Hair ; Adjustment of the Bubble Tube - To make the Axis of the Bubble Tube Perpendicular to the Vertical Axis ; The Direct or Peg Adjustment - To make the Line of Sight Parallel to the Axis of the Bubble ; Adjustment of the Locke Hand Level ; Common Sources of Error in Leveling ; Common Mistakes.
Traverse Lines Location of Buildings Miscellaneous Surveying Problems - Traverse Lines Traverse which do Not Form Closed Figures ; Checking by Astronomical Methods ; Checking by Cut-Off Lines ; Checking by Angles to a Distant Object ; Checking by Connecting with Triangulation Points / Location of Buildings from Transit Line - Methods of Locating Buildings ; Geometric Principles ; The Offsets, Swing Offsets, and Range Lines ; General Suggestions ; Typical Cases ; Example I - Building Near Transit Line and Nearly Parallel to it ; Example II - Building Near Transit Line and Making a Slight Angle with it ; Example III - Building Located Entirely by Direct Ties ; Example IV - Building Located at Considerable Skew to the Transit Line ; Example V - Building at a Long Distance from the Transit Line ; Example VI - Buildings Located from Other Buildings ; Example VII - Buildings of Irregular Shape ; Example VIII - Large City Building Near ; Example IX - Location of Buildings by Angles and Distances ; Location of Buildings and Fences from Transit ; Defective Locations / Miscellaneous Surveying Problems - Random Line ; Obstacles on Line ; Offsetting Transit Line ; Short Transit Sights ; Bisection Method ; Measuring Around a Small Obstacle ; Equilateral Triangle Method ; Inaccessible Distances ; Inaccessible Distance by Right Triangle Method ; Intersecting Two Transit Lines ; Inaccessible Distance by Swing Offset Method ; Inaccessible Distance by Tangent Offset Method ; Inaccessible Distance by Oblique Triangle Method ; To Obtain the Distance between Two Inaccessible Points by Observation from Two Accessible Points ; To Obtain the Inaccessible Distance between Two Accessible Points by Observations on Two Inaccessible Points of Known Distance Apart.
The Stadia Method The Plane-Table Method - Stadia Method of Measuring Distances ; Instruments ; Stadia Rods ; Principle of the Stadia ; Stadia Constants ; Formulas for Inclined Sights ; Fieldwork ; Azimuths ; Vertical Angles ; Distances ; Stadia Traverses ; Checks on the Traverse ; Stadia Notes ; Methods of Reducing the Notes ; Use of Stadia Tables ; Stadia Diagrams ; Stadia Arcs ; Methods of Plotting Stadia Notes ; Locating Contours ; Sketching Contours ; Stadia Leveling ; Traversing with Magnetic Needle / The Plane Table ; Accessories ; Advantages and Disadvantages of the Plane Table ; Adjustments of the Alidade ; Locating Points ; Intersection ; Directions and Distance ; Resection ; Three-point Problem ; Two-point Problem ; Traversing ; Elevation of Table ; Fieldwork.
Observations for Meridian and Latitude - Observations for Meridian The Celestial Sphere ; To Establish a True Meridian Line by Observation on Polaris (The Pole Star) ; Observation for Meridian on Polaris at Elongation ; Observation for Meridian on Polaris at Culmination ; To Find the Standard Time of Culmination and Elongation ; Meridian Observation on Polaris at a Known Instant of Time ; Solar Observations ; Observation for Meridian by a Single Altitude of the Sun ; Southern Hemisphere ; Observation for Meridian by Means of the Solar Attachment ; Observation on the Sun with Solar Attachment - Fieldwork ; Mistakes Using the Solar Attachment / Adjustments of the Solar Attachment Adjustment of Polar Axis - To make the Polar Axis Perpendicular to the Plane of the Line of Sight and the Horizontal Axis ; Adjustment of the Cross-Hair - To make the Vertical Cross-Hair truly Vertical ; Adjustment of Telescope Bubble - To make the Axis of the Bubble Parallel to the Line of Sight / Observations for Latitude - By the Altitude of Polaris at Upper or Lower Culmination ; By the Altitude of the Sun at Noon ; Meridian by Equal Altitudes of the Sun.
Leveling - Definitions ; Leveling to Establish Bench Marks ; Double-Rodded Lines ; Bench Marks and Turning Points ; Leveling for Profile ; Cross-Sectioning ; Use of the Tape Rod in Cross-Section Work ; Cross-Sectioning for Earthwork ; Setting Slope Stakes ; Earthwork Notes for Road Cross-Sections ; Cross-Sections for Borrow-Pits ; Cross-Sections for Trench Excavation ; Leveling to Establish a Grade Line ; Shooting in a Grade Line ; To Establish a Datum Plane by Means of Tidal Observations ; The Staff Gauge ; Leveling Across a River ; Water Levels ; Distributing the Error in a Level Circuit.
City Surveying - Instruments Used ; Tapes and Tape Measurements ; Transits and Levels ; City Standard of Length / Establishing and Staking Out City Lines and Grades - Establishing Street Lines ; Establishing Street Grades ; The Datum Plane ; Establishing Bench Marks ; Staking Out New Streets ; Referencing Important Points ; Monuments ; Setting Stone Bounds ; Staking Out City Lots ; Curved Street Lines ; Elements of a Circular Curve ; Staking Out Circular Curve ; Deflection Angles ; Keeping the Notes ; When the Entire Curve Cannot be Laid Out from One End ; First Method ; Second Method ; Curved Street Corners ; One Street Line Straight, the Other Curved ; Both Street Lines Curved ; Intersection of Circular Arc and Straight Line ; Staking Out Street Grades ; Vertical Curves ; Cross-Section of Street ; Gutters at Same Elevation ; Staking Out Curb Lines and Grades ; Staking Out Sewers ; Rerunning Street Lines and Grades ; Accident Plans ; Setting Batter-Boards for a Building ; Staking Out a Bridge Site / Survey of City Lots - Plan for Architects Design ; Plan for Record ; Data Required for Fieldwork ; Fieldwork ; Calculations and Plotting of the Survey Traverses ; Calculation Details ; Determination of Boundaries from Analysis of Evidence ; Calculation of the Adopted Boundaries of the Property ; Final Adjustments of Property-Line Dimensions ; Other Data Shown on Final Plan ; Profile and Sections of Building Walls Fieldwork ; Giving Lines and Grades for Large City Buildings / Rectangular Coordinate System for Surveying Cities - General Description ; Triangulation Scheme ; Measurement of Base-line ; Measuring the Angles ; Adjustment of the Principal Triangulation ; Azimuth ; Subsidiary Triangulation ; Traverses ; Method of Locating Street Lines, Property Lines and Buildings.
Contours Miscellaneous Topographical Surveying Methods - Contour Lines ; Characteristics of Contours ; Relation between Contour Map and Profile ; Relation between Contour Map and Side Elevation or Projection ; Drainage Areas ; Sketching Contours from Streams and Summits ; Sketching Contours from Known Elevations ; Mistakes in Sketching Contours ; Contour Problems ; Locating a Grade-Line ; Topographical Surveys ; Location of Points from the Transit Line ; Locating Contours by Cross-Sections ; Locating Contours by Profiles ; Locating Points on the Contour ; Locating Contours by the Hand Level ; Locating Contours by Cruising with Compass and Clinometer ; Location of Streams and Shore-Line.
General Principles Miscellaneous Problems Earthwork Computations - General Remarks ; Logarithmic or Natural Functions ; Arrangement of Computations ; Checks ; Slide Rule ; Calculating Machines ; Reducing the Field-Notes for Computations ; Curved Boundary by Offsets ; Trapezoidal Rule ; Simpson s One-Third Rule ; Straightening Crooked Boundary Lines ; Area by Triangles ; Area of a Quadrilateral by Triangles ; Area of a Curved Corner Lot ; Rough Checks on Areas ; Planimeter ; Deflection Angles and Chords for Circular Curve ; Computation of Astronomical Observations / Computation of Volume Borrow-Pits ; Volume of Prismoid ; End Area Formula ; Prismoidal Formula ; Railway of Highway Cross-Sections ; Estimates for Grading ; Rough Estimates.
Calculations Relating to Traverses - Calculation of Traverse ; Calculating the Difference of Latitude (Lat.) and Departure (Dep.) ; Calculation of Distance and Bearing from Lat. and Dep. ; Calculation of Distance and Bearing from Lats. and Deps. of Several Lines ; Computation of the Error of Closure of a Traverse ; Distribution of the Errors of Latitude and Departure, or Balancing a Closed Survey ; Calculation of Rectangular Coordinates of the Stations of a Survey ; Calculation of the Coordinates of the Stations of a Survey ; Calculation of the Coordinates of the Corners of a Closed Survey ; Calculation of the Length and Bearing of Line between Two Stations from their Coordinates ; Use of Coordinates for Calculating the Length and Direction of a Property Line Not Coincident with a Transit Line ; Calculation of the Length and Bearing which are Consistent with the Balanced Latitudes and Departures ; Calculation of the Area of a Closed Traverse when the X, Y Coordinates of all of the Corners are Known ; Calculation of the Area of a Closed Figure by the Double-Meridian-Distance Method ; Computation of the Area of Compass-and-Chain Survey by D.M.D. Method ; Double Parallel Distance ; Computation of Area of a Transit and Tape Survey ; Fractional Areas ; Supplying Missing Data ; Detecting Mistakes ; The Subdivision of Land ; To Cut Off from a Traverse a Given Area by a Straight Line Starting from a Known Point on the Traverse ; To Cut Off from a Traverse a Given Area by a Line Running in a Given Direction ; To Find the Area Cut off from a Traverse by a Line Running in a Given Direction from a Given Point in the Traverse ; Computation of Azimuths when Checking Angles to a Distant Object ; Calculation of Triangulation.
Drafting Instruments and Materials - Engineering Drafting Instruments - Straight-Edge ; Engineer s Scale ; Protractor ; Semicircular Protractor ; Full-Circle Protractor ; Three-Armed Protractor ; Pantograph ; Parallel Ruler ; Beam Compass ; Contour Pen ; Proportional Dividers ; The Section Liner ; Railroad Curves, French Curves, Flexible Curve, and Spline / Drawing Papers - Drawing Paper for Plans ; Tracing Paper and Tracing Cloth ; Cross-Section and Profile Papers ; Process Papers - Blue-Prints ; Vandyke Paper ; Sensitized Tracing Cloth ; Electrical Printing Frames ; Photostats ; Inks and Water-Colors.
Method of Plotting - Laying Out a Plan ; Scale / Method of Plotting Traverses Plotting by Protractor and Scale ; Checks ; Protractor and T-square ; Plotting by Rectangular Coordinates ; Checks ; Plotting by Tangents ; Checks ; Plotting by Chords ; Use of the Sine ; Checks / Methods of Plotting Details - Buildings, Fences, Streams, etc ; Contours ; Cross-Sections ; Profiles ; Breaking the Profile ; Checks.
Finishing and Filing Drawings - What should Appear on a Drawing ; Traverse Lines ; Physical Features ; Topographical Conventional Signs ; Lettering ; Titles ; Notes ; Border Lines ; Meridians ; Scales ; Shrinkage of Drawing Papers ; Maps of Large Extent ; Inking in a Profile ; Cleaning Drawings ; Filing Drawings ; Indexing Drawings ; Fling Note-Books ; Indexing Notes ; Other Records.
Condition - The book includes tables and charts, diagrams and illustrations including some excellent photographic picture illustrations of vintage surveying instruments. The book is clean and complete. The cover binding is square and both cover and pages are tightly bound. The red semi-pliable leatherette cover with gold front cover and spine edge print is unfaded. The page edges are also stylishly edged all around in gold gilt. There is some minor edge wear but creases nor tears. There is a previous owners name with the year 1933 written in ink on the title page. There are no other markings in the book. The pages are bright and crisp. There are no torn, missing, loose, creased or marked pages of the text. The book is in very good condition and will make an excellent addition to a collection of surveying or engineering books.
